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pulmonary embolus - Übersetzung nach arabisch
![A [[Hampton hump]] in a person with a right lower lobe pulmonary embolism](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hamptonshump.PNG?width=200 "A [[Hampton hump]] in a person with a right lower lobe pulmonary embolism")
![[[Histopathology]] of a pulmonary artery from [[autopsy]]. It shows a [[fat embolism]] (seen as multiple empty globular spaces on this H&E stain since its processing dissolves fat). There is a bone marrow fragment in the middle, and multiple single hematopoietic cells in the blood, being evidence of fracture as the source of the embolism.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Histopathology of a pulmonary artery with fat embolism and a bone marrow fragment.jpg?width=200 "[[Histopathology]] of a pulmonary artery from [[autopsy]]. It shows a [[fat embolism]] (seen as multiple empty globular spaces on this H&E stain since its processing dissolves fat). There is a bone marrow fragment in the middle, and multiple single hematopoietic cells in the blood, being evidence of fracture as the source of the embolism.")
![Electrocardiogram of a person with pulmonary embolism, showing [[sinus tachycardia]] of approximately 100 beats per minute, large S wave in Lead I, moderate Q wave in Lead III, inverted T wave in Lead III, and inverted T waves in leads V1 and V3.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pulm embolism.jpg?width=200 "Electrocardiogram of a person with pulmonary embolism, showing [[sinus tachycardia]] of approximately 100 beats per minute, large S wave in Lead I, moderate Q wave in Lead III, inverted T wave in Lead III, and inverted T waves in leads V1 and V3.")
![posterior]] projection, showing uniform ventilation to lungs.<br />
(B) After intravenous injection of 4 mCi of [[Technetium]]-99m-labeled [[albumin]], scintigraphic images shown here in the posterior projection. This and other views showed decreased activity in multiple regions.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pulmonary embolism scintigraphy PLoS.png?width=200 "posterior]] projection, showing uniform ventilation to lungs.<br />
(B) After intravenous injection of 4 mCi of [[Technetium]]-99m-labeled [[albumin]], scintigraphic images shown here in the posterior projection. This and other views showed decreased activity in multiple regions.")
![Selective [[pulmonary angiogram]] revealing clot (labeled A) causing a central obstruction in the left main pulmonary artery. ECG tracing shown at the bottom.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pulmonary embolism selective angiogram.JPEG?width=200 "Selective [[pulmonary angiogram]] revealing clot (labeled A) causing a central obstruction in the left main pulmonary artery. ECG tracing shown at the bottom.")
![On [[CT scan]], pulmonary emboli can be classified according to the level along the arterial tree.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Computed tomograph of pulmonary vessels.jpg?width=200 "On [[CT scan]], pulmonary emboli can be classified according to the level along the arterial tree.")
![CT pulmonary angiography]] showing a "saddle embolus" at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery and thrombus burden in the lobar arteries on both sides.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pulmonary embolism CTPA.JPEG?width=200 "CT pulmonary angiography]] showing a \"saddle embolus\" at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery and thrombus burden in the lobar arteries on both sides.")
![Pulmonary embolism (white arrow) that has been long-standing and has caused a [[lung infarction]] (black arrow) seen as a [[reverse halo sign]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CT of lung infarction with reverse halo sign, annotated.png?width=200 "Pulmonary embolism (white arrow) that has been long-standing and has caused a [[lung infarction]] (black arrow) seen as a [[reverse halo sign]].")
Definition
Wikipedia
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). Symptoms of a PE may include shortness of breath, chest pain particularly upon breathing in, and coughing up blood. Symptoms of a blood clot in the leg may also be present, such as a red, warm, swollen, and painful leg. Signs of a PE include low blood oxygen levels, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, and sometimes a mild fever. Severe cases can lead to passing out, abnormally low blood pressure, obstructive shock, and sudden death.
PE usually results from a blood clot in the leg that travels to the lung. The risk of blood clots is increased by advanced age, cancer, prolonged bed rest and immobilization, smoking, stroke, long-haul travel over 4 hours, certain genetic conditions, estrogen-based medication, pregnancy, obesity, trauma or bone fracture, and after some types of surgery. A small proportion of cases are due to the embolization of air, fat, or amniotic fluid. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in combination with test results. If the risk is low, a blood test known as a D-dimer may rule out the condition. Otherwise, a CT pulmonary angiography, lung ventilation/perfusion scan, or ultrasound of the legs may confirm the diagnosis. Together, deep vein thrombosis and PE are known as venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Efforts to prevent PE include beginning to move as soon as possible after surgery, lower leg exercises during periods of sitting, and the use of blood thinners after some types of surgery. Treatment is with anticoagulants such as heparin, warfarin or one of the direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs). These are recommended for at least three months. Severe cases may require thrombolysis using medication such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) given intravenously or through a catheter, and some may require surgery (a pulmonary thrombectomy). If blood thinners are not appropriate, a temporary vena cava filter may be used.
Pulmonary emboli affect about 430,000 people each year in Europe. In the United States, between 300,000 and 600,000 cases occur each year, which contribute to at least 40,000 deaths. Rates are similar in males and females. They become more common as people get older.
